Me
Haagen Dazs (:
"You haven't seen a tree until you've seen its shadow from the sky." — Amelia Earhart

take me to the sky

8:16 am In biod class now.

he's talking about class aves. bottom up, and top down approach. and wat's the difference between dinosaurs and modern day reptiles. modern day reptiles have their bellies on the grounds, and their limbs are directed towards the sides. dinosaurs have their limbs directed underneath their bodies, therefore they can run very fast and for some develop dipedalism (standing on two feet).

archeaopteryxis what links birds with dinosaurs/reptiles. features the same as modern day birds: feathers, wings. differences: tail, teeth, hooks and claws (remnants of forelimbs). there's another piece of evidence: Archaeoraptor liaoningensis. cause it was found in liaoning. a farmer was digging and came across this fossil, sold it on black market, american bought it, called nat geo, and nat geo bought it. it has avian features, and the reptilian feature the tail. this suggests that birds evolved from dinosaurs. but that fossil was a friggin fake. because: the farmer glued up to pieces of rock. some guy sent it in for a CAT- scan, and showed that it was fake. then there's a much longer story that really doesn't matter.

there is recent evidence that shows that birds and dinosaurs are very closely related. a scientist found fossil of t-rex with tissue on it. they did dna analysis, and compared it to amphibian, reptile, and bird (chicken) and the the t rex was the most closely related to the chicken.

birds lack jaws and teeth. they have beaks and bills of many different forms to suit different diets.

birds have bones that are heavily pneumatized. strong yet lightweight.

they have a rigid vertebral column. because when they fly, they exert great pressure on that regoin. most effective in flying.

birds have a keeled sternum that mammals don't. that's for attachment of flight muscles. so the bigger the keel, the better they fly.

they lose their heavy jaw so that they can fly. ribs of birds are unique. there's the funny thing sticking out of each in rib. that's to stengthen it so that, when it flies and exerts a great force, the rib cage won't collapse.

Superorder Paleognathae (ratites)- Ostriches, RHEAS, cassowaries, emus, kiwis

Superorder Neognathae- All other birds. The largest order is passeriformes (song birds that can stand on damn thin twigs).

CLASS MAMMALIA

began with the appearance of synapsidsin the Permian period. we have one temporal opening. cynodonts first to develop a secondary palate. that separetes the oral and nasal cavities. crocs have this too. and cynodonts give rise to therians, and then there's a diphyodont. that means that teeth only replaced once in a lifetime, with a set of permanent teeth.

mammals developed hair for insulation.

sebaceous and sweat glands also appeared to cool down body and lubricate the hair.

mammary glands. diphyodont teeth and heterodont teeth (many different types of teeth). internal fertilization, and young nourish from milk from mammary glands.

subclass Prototheria (monotremes). represented by duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater. only mammals to lay shelled eggs. found in australia and new guinea. the platypus is the only mammal that is poisonous.

-5 minute break-

HAHA, he just said ALL YOU MAMMLIA WAKE UP.

subclass theria. InfraclassMetatheria (marsupials). females have pouch, young born early and continue to develop in pouch, confined to australia and central america. tasmanian devil shot to extinction because they were a threat to CHICKENS. WTH right. when a young marsupial is born, it will follow a scent trail laid down by it's mother into her pouch.

infraclass eutheria (placentals) young kept for longer period in womb a nourished by well developed placenta.

Order Insectivora ( Insect eating maammals). shrews, moles, hedgehogs. small sharp snouted that feed mainly on insects.

Order Chiroptera (bats). possess broad skin fold which extendds from arms and legs. and locate food by echolocation.

Order Primates. large brain. opposable thumbs. forward facing arms. prosimians (lorises, bush babies, lemurs), new world monkeys (mamorsets, capuchins), old world monkeys (us, gibbons, gorillas, orang utan). new world monkeys have a tail that's like a 5th arm. old world monkey's nostrils face down, and new world monkey's face the sides. slow loris's defence mechanism is that they're so cute (yeah right, the guy's talking rubbish).

Order Rodentia. Gnawing animals. 2 upper and lower incisors.

Order Lagomorpha. posses chisel like like incisors.

Order Cetacea. Whales. Anterior limbs modified into large flippers. Posterior limbs absent. nostril represented by single blowhole on top of head. thick layer of insulating blubber.

Order Carnivora. Dogs, wolves, cats, bears, weasels, seals, sea lions, walruses. all predatory except giant panda. large canines used to tear flesh. molars for shearing meat.

Order Proboscidea. Elephants. Long, muscular trunk. 2 upper incisors elongated as tusk. well developed molars for grinding.

Order Perissodactyla. Odd toed hoofed herbivores. Horses, donkeys, zebras, tapirs, rhinoceroses.

Order Artiodactyla. Even toed herbivores. swine, camels, deer, hippos. (:

next week: practical. DAMN.

test: WEEK AFTER NEXT! SHIET. kingdom anamalia. :(((((((((

exams: must do 4 structured questions. 30 mcqs. 2 hour paper.